{
 "title": "How often a one-character DOI slip lands on a real paper",
 "publisher": "CiteOwl",
 "licence": "CC BY 4.0. Reuse with attribution to CiteOwl.",
 "method": {
  "summary": "1. Draw a random sample of journal articles from CrossRef's own `sample`\n     endpoint, which returns a uniform random draw over the whole index. No\n     query terms, so the sample is not shaped by topic or by us.\n  2. For each DOI, build its two nearest neighbours: take the last run of\n     digits in the suffix and add one, then subtract one, preserving the\n     original digit width so the string stays the same shape.\n  3. Ask CrossRef whether each neighbour is a registered work. A 200 means a\n     student who mistyped one digit would land on a real article.\n  4. Record whether the neighbour sits in the SAME journal as the original,\n     which is the case no metadata check catches: right publisher prefix,\n     right journal, wrong paper.",
  "source": "CrossRef REST API /works?sample=, type:journal-article",
  "sampled": 600,
  "skipped_no_digit_tail": 0,
  "neighbour_lookups": 1186,
  "lookup_errors": 0
 },
 "results": {
  "dois_tested": 600,
  "at_least_one_neighbour_resolves": 352,
  "at_least_one_neighbour_resolves_rate": 0.5867,
  "neighbour_in_same_journal": 350,
  "neighbour_in_same_journal_rate": 0.5833,
  "neighbour_lookups_resolving": 646,
  "neighbour_lookups_resolving_rate": 0.5447
 },
 "by_publisher": [
  {
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "dois": 89,
   "resolves": 49,
   "same_journal": 49,
   "resolve_rate": 0.5506
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "dois": 59,
   "resolves": 51,
   "same_journal": 51,
   "resolve_rate": 0.8644
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Springer Science and Business Media LLC",
   "dois": 56,
   "resolves": 20,
   "same_journal": 20,
   "resolve_rate": 0.3571
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Informa UK Limited",
   "dois": 25,
   "resolves": 15,
   "same_journal": 15,
   "resolve_rate": 0.6
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
   "dois": 14,
   "resolves": 11,
   "same_journal": 11,
   "resolve_rate": 0.7857
  },
  {
   "publisher": "American Chemical Society (ACS)",
   "dois": 13,
   "resolves": 6,
   "same_journal": 6,
   "resolve_rate": 0.4615
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
   "dois": 13,
   "resolves": 11,
   "same_journal": 11,
   "resolve_rate": 0.8462
  },
  {
   "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
   "dois": 13,
   "resolves": 11,
   "same_journal": 11,
   "resolve_rate": 0.8462
  },
  {
   "publisher": "MDPI AG",
   "dois": 10,
   "resolves": 8,
   "same_journal": 8,
   "resolve_rate": 0.8
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Walter de Gruyter GmbH",
   "dois": 9,
   "resolves": 4,
   "same_journal": 4,
   "resolve_rate": 0.4444
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Cambridge University Press (CUP)",
   "dois": 9,
   "resolves": 2,
   "same_journal": 2,
   "resolve_rate": 0.2222
  },
  {
   "publisher": "IOP Publishing",
   "dois": 7,
   "resolves": 6,
   "same_journal": 6,
   "resolve_rate": 0.8571
  },
  {
   "publisher": "JSTOR",
   "dois": 7,
   "resolves": 7,
   "same_journal": 7,
   "resolve_rate": 1.0
  },
  {
   "publisher": "American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)",
   "dois": 6,
   "resolves": 4,
   "same_journal": 4,
   "resolve_rate": 0.6667
  },
  {
   "publisher": "Emerald",
   "dois": 6,
   "resolves": 3,
   "same_journal": 3,
   "resolve_rate": 0.5
  }
 ],
 "examples_same_journal": [
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01539.x",
   "real_title": "Bilateral drop foot due to thoracic disc herniation",
   "journal": "European Journal of Neurology",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1468-1331.2007.01540.x",
   "neighbour_title": "Neurological signs: Beh\u00e7et's disease, coeliac disease, both, or neither?",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.cdp.2008.02.005",
   "real_title": "Descriptive epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma in the Ohio Cancer Registry",
   "journal": "Cancer Detection and Prevention",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.cdp.2008.02.006",
   "neighbour_title": "MGN-3/Biobran, modified arabinoxylan from rice bran, sensitizes human breast cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agent, daunorubicin",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.cdp.2008.02.005",
   "real_title": "Descriptive epidemiology of esophageal carcinoma in the Ohio Cancer Registry",
   "journal": "Cancer Detection and Prevention",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.cdp.2008.02.004",
   "neighbour_title": "Folate pathway genetic polymorphisms and susceptibility of central nervous system tumors in Thai children",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.19184/se.v1i1.9489",
   "real_title": "Cooperative Method of Talking Chips Types in Character Education to Improve Discipline of SMP Students",
   "journal": "ScienceEdu",
   "publisher": "UPT Penerbitan Universitas Jember",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.19184/se.v1i1.9490",
   "neighbour_title": "Pengaruh Implementasi Model Problem Based Learning (PBL) terhadap Kemampuan Berfikir Kritis IPA Siswa SMPN 1 Pakusari",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.19184/se.v1i1.9489",
   "real_title": "Cooperative Method of Talking Chips Types in Character Education to Improve Discipline of SMP Students",
   "journal": "ScienceEdu",
   "publisher": "UPT Penerbitan Universitas Jember",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.19184/se.v1i1.9488",
   "neighbour_title": "Studi Pendahuluan: Pembelajaran Berbasis Local Wisdom disertai Strategi Integrated Science untuk Melatihkan Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis IPA Siswa SMP",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1136/jrnms-96-58",
   "real_title": "Honours, Awards and Citations",
   "journal": "Journal of The Royal Naval Medical Service",
   "publisher": "BMJ",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1136/jrnms-96-57",
   "neighbour_title": "The Royal Hospital Haslar: a pictorial history",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.20396/proa.v10i1.17608",
   "real_title": "Asadoya Yunta",
   "journal": "Proa: Revista de Antropologia e Arte",
   "publisher": "Universidade Estadual de Campinas",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.20396/proa.v10i1.17609",
   "neighbour_title": "M\u00fasica experimental, t\u00e9cnicas estendidas e pr\u00e1ticas criativas como ferramentas decoloniais",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.20396/proa.v10i1.17608",
   "real_title": "Asadoya Yunta",
   "journal": "Proa: Revista de Antropologia e Arte",
   "publisher": "Universidade Estadual de Campinas",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.20396/proa.v10i1.17607",
   "neighbour_title": "Mbaraka",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1504/ijetm.2007.015631",
   "real_title": "A decision-making methodology for transition to reuse business",
   "journal": "International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management",
   "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1504/ijetm.2007.015632",
   "neighbour_title": "Resources circulating and sustainable society in Asia: concept and research scheme",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1504/ijetm.2007.015631",
   "real_title": "A decision-making methodology for transition to reuse business",
   "journal": "International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management",
   "publisher": "Inderscience Publishers",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1504/ijetm.2007.015630",
   "neighbour_title": "The introduction and dissemination of the industrial symbiosis projects in the Rotterdam Harbour and Industry Complex",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.3109/10884609909059850",
   "real_title": "Keeping the Faith or Just Blowing Smoke?",
   "journal": "Journal of Addictions Nursing",
   "publisher": "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.3109/10884609909059851",
   "neighbour_title": "Using Open Alcoholics Anonymous Meetings as a Teaching Strategy for Undergraduate Nursing Students",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.3109/10884609909059850",
   "real_title": "Keeping the Faith or Just Blowing Smoke?",
   "journal": "Journal of Addictions Nursing",
   "publisher": "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.3109/10884609909059849",
   "neighbour_title": "Nicotine Addiction: Current Treatment Options",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1177/009430610803700628",
   "real_title": "Japanese Saints: Mormons in the Land of the Rising Sun",
   "journal": "Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews",
   "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1177/009430610803700629",
   "neighbour_title": "The Devil's Handwriting: Precoloniality and the German Colonial State in Qingdao, Samoa, and Southwest Africa",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1177/009430610803700628",
   "real_title": "Japanese Saints: Mormons in the Land of the Rising Sun",
   "journal": "Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews",
   "publisher": "SAGE Publications",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1177/009430610803700627",
   "neighbour_title": "Hollywood Highbrow: From Entertainment to Art",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.037",
   "real_title": "Energy and renewable energy scenario of Pakistan",
   "journal": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.038",
   "neighbour_title": "Application of geothermal energy for heating and fresh water production in a brackish water greenhouse desalination unit: A case study from Algeria",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.037",
   "real_title": "Energy and renewable energy scenario of Pakistan",
   "journal": "Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.rser.2009.07.036",
   "neighbour_title": "State of the art on high-temperature thermal energy storage for power generation. Part 2\u2014Case studies",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00669.x",
   "real_title": "For the record: the lived experience of parents with a learning disability \u2013 a pilot study examining the Scottish perspective",
   "journal": "British Journal of Learning Disabilities",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00670.x",
   "neighbour_title": "Assessment of mental health problems in people with Down syndrome: key considerations",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00669.x",
   "real_title": "For the record: the lived experience of parents with a learning disability \u2013 a pilot study examining the Scottish perspective",
   "journal": "British Journal of Learning Disabilities",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1468-3156.2010.00668.x",
   "neighbour_title": "\u2018Our Journey Through Time\u2019: an oral history project carried out by young people with learning disabilities",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1445-5994.1987.tb01272.x",
   "real_title": "DEMONSTRATION OF A RECENT MUTATION IN A FAMILY WITH ISOLATED HEMOPHILIA A",
   "journal": "Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1445-5994.1987.tb01273.x",
   "neighbour_title": "CORTICOSTEROIDS AND OSTEOPOROSIS",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1445-5994.1987.tb01272.x",
   "real_title": "DEMONSTRATION OF A RECENT MUTATION IN A FAMILY WITH ISOLATED HEMOPHILIA A",
   "journal": "Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1445-5994.1987.tb01271.x",
   "neighbour_title": "NON\u2010HODGKIN'S LYMPHOMA AS A CAUSE OF HYPOADRENALISM",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.006",
   "real_title": "Multiple signal amplified electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for brombuterol detection using gold nanoparticles and polyamidoamine dendrimers-silver nanoribbon",
   "journal": "Analytica Chimica Acta",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.007",
   "neighbour_title": "Fabrication of l -cysteine-capped CdTe quantum dots based ratiometric fluorescence nanosensor for onsite visual determination of trace TNT explosive",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.006",
   "real_title": "Multiple signal amplified electrochemiluminescent immunoassay for brombuterol detection using gold nanoparticles and polyamidoamine dendrimers-silver nanoribbon",
   "journal": "Analytica Chimica Acta",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.aca.2016.10.005",
   "neighbour_title": "Enzyme spheres as novel tracing tags coupled with target-induced DNAzyme assembly for ultrasensitive electrochemical microRNA assay",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1246/bcsj.40.697",
   "real_title": "Polymerization of 1, 3-Butadiene by Biscyclopentadienylnickel Compounds",
   "journal": "Bulletin of the Chemical Society of Japan",
   "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1246/bcsj.40.696",
   "neighbour_title": "The Effect of Temperature on the Growth of the Multi-atomic Oxide Layer on a Smooth Platinum Anode in an Acid Solution",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1088/0370-1301/63/10/307",
   "real_title": "The Production of Pulsed Magnetic Fields using Condenser Energy Storage",
   "journal": "Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B",
   "publisher": "IOP Publishing",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1088/0370-1301/63/10/308",
   "neighbour_title": "A Theory of Contact Noise in Semiconductors",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1088/0370-1301/63/10/307",
   "real_title": "The Production of Pulsed Magnetic Fields using Condenser Energy Storage",
   "journal": "Proceedings of the Physical Society. Section B",
   "publisher": "IOP Publishing",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1088/0370-1301/63/10/306",
   "neighbour_title": "High Frequency Permeability of Ferromagnetic Materials",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.36887/2415-8453-2025-2-37",
   "real_title": "The role of postal communication in emergency situations",
   "journal": "Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology",
   "publisher": "Drukarnia Madryd",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.36887/2415-8453-2025-2-38",
   "neighbour_title": "Investment provision of innovation activity in agricultural sector: methodological foundation of assessment",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.36887/2415-8453-2025-2-37",
   "real_title": "The role of postal communication in emergency situations",
   "journal": "Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics and Technology",
   "publisher": "Drukarnia Madryd",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.36887/2415-8453-2025-2-36",
   "neighbour_title": "Implementation of the gamification system to motivate personnel in the sales department",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.016",
   "real_title": "Who has regular mammograms? Effects of knowledge, beliefs, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors",
   "journal": "Preventive Medicine",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.017",
   "neighbour_title": "Smoking habits and attitudes to smoking 2001 among hospital staff at a Danish hospital\u2014comparison with a similar study 1999",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.016",
   "real_title": "Who has regular mammograms? Effects of knowledge, beliefs, socioeconomic status, and health-related factors",
   "journal": "Preventive Medicine",
   "publisher": "Elsevier BV",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1016/j.ypmed.2004.11.015",
   "neighbour_title": "Test\u2013retest reliability of colorectal testing questions on the Massachusetts Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1949-8594.1962.tb08686.x",
   "real_title": "TB NOT HEREDITARY, GENETIC STUDY SHOWS",
   "journal": "School Science and Mathematics",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1949-8594.1962.tb08687.x",
   "neighbour_title": "COULD CAPTURE ASTEROID BY LANDING ROCKET ON IT",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1111/j.1949-8594.1962.tb08686.x",
   "real_title": "TB NOT HEREDITARY, GENETIC STUDY SHOWS",
   "journal": "School Science and Mathematics",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1111/j.1949-8594.1962.tb08685.x",
   "neighbour_title": "The Meanings of Fractions",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1093/rheumatology/keh291",
   "real_title": "Escalated conventional therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients",
   "journal": "Rheumatology",
   "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1093/rheumatology/keh292",
   "neighbour_title": "Influence of previous open synovectomy on the outcome of Souter-Strathclyde total elbow prosthesis",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1093/rheumatology/keh291",
   "real_title": "Escalated conventional therapy for rheumatoid arthritis patients",
   "journal": "Rheumatology",
   "publisher": "Oxford University Press (OUP)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1093/rheumatology/keh290",
   "neighbour_title": "Automated counting of white blood cells in synovial fluid",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1097/gox.0000000000007706",
   "real_title": "Artificial Intelligence in Breast Reconstruction: A Scoping Review of Pre-, Intra-, and Postoperative Applications",
   "journal": "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open",
   "publisher": "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1097/gox.0000000000007707",
   "neighbour_title": "Efficacy and Safety of the Use of Tranexamic Acid in Burn Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1097/gox.0000000000007706",
   "real_title": "Artificial Intelligence in Breast Reconstruction: A Scoping Review of Pre-, Intra-, and Postoperative Applications",
   "journal": "Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery - Global Open",
   "publisher": "Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1097/gox.0000000000007705",
   "neighbour_title": "Occult Hemophilia B and Plastic Surgery: Preventing Bleeding Events",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.22518/16578953.700",
   "real_title": "Derechos y Humanos sobre la exclusi\u00f3n a trav\u00e9s del derecho",
   "journal": "Civilizar",
   "publisher": "Universidad Sergio Arboleda",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.22518/16578953.701",
   "neighbour_title": "La Teledetecci\u00f3n satelital y los sistemas de protecci\u00f3n ambiental",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1002/aenm.201770083",
   "real_title": "Perovskite Nanoparticles: Unveiling the Dynamic Processes in Hybrid Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanoparticle Thin Film Devices (Adv. Energy Mater. 15/2017)",
   "journal": "Advanced Energy Materials",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1002/aenm.201770084",
   "neighbour_title": "Solar Technologies go Hybrid: Structure of Organometal Halide Perovskite Films as Determined with Grazing\u2010Incidence X\u2010Ray Scattering Methods (Adv. Energy Mater. 16/2017)",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1002/aenm.201770083",
   "real_title": "Perovskite Nanoparticles: Unveiling the Dynamic Processes in Hybrid Lead Bromide Perovskite Nanoparticle Thin Film Devices (Adv. Energy Mater. 15/2017)",
   "journal": "Advanced Energy Materials",
   "publisher": "Wiley",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1002/aenm.201770082",
   "neighbour_title": "Masthead: (Adv. Energy Mater. 15/2017)",
   "step": -1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.33137/q.i..v21i1.9418",
   "real_title": "Lingual Interventions in Dario Fo",
   "journal": "Quaderni d'italianistica",
   "publisher": "University of Toronto Libraries - UOTL",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.33137/q.i..v21i1.9419",
   "neighbour_title": "Avant-garde Literature and the Ecology of the Word",
   "step": 1
  },
  {
   "real_doi": "10.1088/1009-1963/14/4/002",
   "real_title": "The scale-transformation of electromagnetic theory and its applications",
   "journal": "Chinese Physics",
   "publisher": "IOP Publishing",
   "neighbour_doi": "10.1088/1009-1963/14/4/003",
   "neighbour_title": "A new non-Noether conserved quantity of the relativistic holonomic nonconservative systems in general Lie transformations",
   "step": 1
  }
 ]
}